Evidence

This report looked at symptoms of ‘nature deficit disorder’ in children and how much this is costing the country. It considers what steps we should take to eliminate it.

This in-depth document details the methods and processes used to understand what determines carbon storage and fluxes in British woodlands.

A dissertation outlining the rationale and feasibility behind the NHS Forest project produced at the outset of the programme. This is based on the original stated aim of planting 1.3 million trees and does not cover the way in which the network has evolved over time; however, it is useful background information and contains good research detailing the benefits of trees in health.

A review of 25 studies comparing measures of health and wellbeing in natural as opposed to synthetic environments. It found that there was evidence for a positive benefit of exercising in natural environments, but said further research was needed. There has been a great deal of further research to support these findings since the publication of this article.

This literature review explores urban health issues and health inequalities and identifies the links between trees, woods and forests and health. This includes acknowledging the importance of green infrastructure for urban healthy living and encouraging physical activity. It suggests the need for investment in quality green space, particularly street trees in deprived areas, and advocates that the health system should promote contact with nature.

A meta-analysis of UK studies found that self-esteem improved after exercise in green space, and that many short engagements in green exercise were best for maximising dose responses.

Reducing health inequalities would require action on six policy objectives: give every child the best start in life; enable all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives; create fair employment and good work for all; ensure the healthy standard of living for all; create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities; and strengthen the role and impact of ill-health prevention.

The relationship between green space and self-reported physical and mental health can also be found for physician-assessed morbidity, particularly for children and lower socio-economic groups.

Greener neighbourhoods are associated with significantly lower BMIs in children and adolescents, and also associated with a lower risk of developing obesity.

This study found that populations that are exposed to the greenest environments also have lowest levels of health inequality related to income deprivation.